Forging is the shaping of hot metal completely within the walls or cavities of two dies that come together to enclose the work piece on all sides. The impression for the forging can be entirely in either die or divided between the top and bottom dies. Impression-die forging, often used interchangeably with the term closed-die forging, refers to a closed-die operation in which the dies contain a provision for controlling the flow of excess material, or flash, that is generated.
Forging Advantages vs. Other Processes
Forging vs. |
Advantages of Forging When Using A Similar Alloy |
Casting |
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Welding/Fabricating |
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Machining |
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Powdered Metal |
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Directional Strength is a direct result of the forging process. In the forging process, controlled deformation results in greater metallurgical soundness and improved mechanical properties of the material. In most cases, forging stock has been pre-worked to remove porosity resulting from the solidification process. This produces directional alignment, or "grain flow", for important directional properties in strength, ductility, and resistance to impact and fatigue. These properties can be deliberately oriented in directions requiring maximum strength.
Grain Flow is defined as fiber-like lines appearing on the polished and etched sections of material that are caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the direction of working during forming. Grain flow produced by proper die design can improve the mechanical properties of forgings.
Grain Flow Comparison of Different Processes |
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Forged Bar: |
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Machined Bar: |
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Cast Bar: |
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